Covers the transportation of perishable goods by sea.
Now in its second edition this book provides a detailed description of the transportation of perishable goods world-wide.
Reviewing every aspect of the industry, including preservation, transportation, development, technology, terminal and transport economics and international standards, it uses an example commodity study of bananas to explain many of the points.
PART 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION
1.2 THE PRACTICE OF REFRIGERATION
1.3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
1.4 THE APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION TO FOODSTUFFS
PART 2 THE HISTORY OF REFRIGERATED TRANSPORT
2.1 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
2.2 LATER DEVELOPMENTS
2.3 THE REFRIGERATED CONTAINER
2.4 REFRIGERATED RAIL TRANSPORT
PART 3 THE PRESERVATION OF PERISHABLE FOODSTUFF
3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
3.2 DETERIORATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
3.3 HANDLING TECHNIQUES
3.4 PRESERVATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
3.5 THE CASE OF THE LESSER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
PART 4 THE TRANSPORT OF PERISHABLE FOODSTUFF
4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
4.2 MODIFIED AND CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES
4.3 PRODUCT STOWAGE
4.4 PALLETIZATION
4.5 ROAD TRANSPORT OF PERISHABLES
4.6 AIR TRANSPORT
PART 5 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REFRIGERATED CONTAINER
5.1 WHAT IS A REFRIGERATED CONTAINER?
5.2 TECHNICAL FACTORS
5.3 THE REFRIGERATED TANK CONTAINER
PART 6 TECHNOLOGY OF THE REFRIGERATED CONTAINER
6.1 AIR DELIVERY SYSTEMS
6.2 REFRIGERATED MACHINERY
6.3 INTEGRAL AND PORTHOLE TYPES
6.4 TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND DATA LOGGING
6.5 REMOTE MONITORING
6.6 ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT
6.7 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
PART 7 CONTAINER TERMINAL AND TRANSPORT LOGISTICS
7.1 LOGISTICS REQUIREMENTS FOR REEFERS IN EXISTING (SMALL) PORTS
7.2 LOGISTICS REQUIREMENTS FOR REEFERS AT TRANSFER POINTS
7.3 MINIMUM EQUIPMENT/INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSPORTING BY TRUCK AND / OR TRAIN
7.4 SIZES, TYPES AND LOGISTICAL PARAMETERS GOVERNING DEDICATED REEFER CONTAINER VESSELS
PART 8 SOME ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 TRANSITION FROM BULK TO CONTAINER REEFER
8.2 CONDITIONS FOR OPERATING REFRIGERATED CONTAINERS ON CONVENTIONAL VESSELS IN COASTAL AND INTER-ISLAND TRADES
8.3 DEAD-HEADING EMPTY REEFERS VERSUS THEIR USE FOR NON-REFRIGERATED CARGOES
8.4 OPERATING COSTS
8.5 PURCHASE VERSUS LEASING – THE ROLE OF THE LEASING COMPANY
PART 9 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION
9.3 INSPECTING AND TESTING BODIES
9.4 ATP/ECE
9.5 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
9.6 OTHER RULES AND BODIES
9.7 THE IMO AND CSC
9.8 LABELLING
9.9 THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
PART 10 BANANAS – A COMMODITY STUDY
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 THE TRADE IN BANANAS
10.3 REGIONAL TRADE SUMMARIES
10.4 PARTICIPATION
10.5 INFRASTRUCTURE
10.6 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
10.7 A CASE STUDY
10.8 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AND PROSPECTS
10.9 BANANAS – TEN YEARS ON
PART 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
11.1 GENERAL
11.2 MODIFIED AND CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES
11.3 GENETIC ENGINEERING
11.4 THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
11.5 INTERNATIONAL COMPLIANCE
11.6 LEGISLATION IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES
11.7 POSTSCRIPT – THERES ALWAYS TOMORROW
APPENDICES
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS
MATCH REEFER COMMODITIES
REEFER TRADE TO 2005
REEFER TRADE TO COMMODITIES
ABBREVIATIONS
SUMMARIES
INDEX
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 1.1 THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE
FIG 1.2 AN EARLY COLD AIR MACHINE
FIG 1.3 THE BELL-COLEMAN MACHINE
FIG 1.4 THE SINGLE SCREW COMPRESSOR (COURTESY OF APV HALL PRODUCTS LTD)
FIG 2.1 MEAT BEING LANDED IN LONDON IN 1881 (COURTESY OF THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS)
FIG 2.2 THE ILL-FATED DUNEDIN
FIG 2.3 AN ISOTHERMIC CONTAINER (INTERIOR VIEW) (COURTESY OF W.H. DAVIS LTD)
FIG 2.4 AN INTEGRAL REFRIGERATED CONTAINER
FIG 2.5 A PRESS ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE 1960’s (COURTESY OF SEA CONTAINERS LTD)
FIG 2.6 AN INFREGO REFRIGERATED RAIL WAGON BETWEEN ITALY AND SWITZERLAND
FIG 2.7 BANANAS IN TRANSIT
FIG 2.8 A REEFER STARTS ITS JOURNEY
FIG 4.1 TEMPERATURE CONTROL BY HOT GAS INJECTION
FIG 4.2 TEMPERATURE CONTROL BY SUCTION THROTTLING
FIG 4.3 COMPATIBILTY OF CARGOES
FIG 4.4 STOWAGE PATTERN
FIG 4.5 TOP AIRFLOW PATTERN FOR FROZEN PRODUCTS
FIG 4.6 TOP AIRFLOW PATTERN FOR CHILLED PRODUCTS
FIG 4.7 STOWAGE PATTERN FOR CHILLED PRODUCTS
FIG 4.8 BLOCK STOW PATTERN WITH BOTTOM AIR DELIVERY
FIG 4.9 STOWAGE PATTERN FOR PALLETIZED LOADS – BOTTOM AIR DELIVERY
(COURTESY OF AMERICAN PRESIDENTS COMPANIES FOR FIGS 4.4 TO 4.9)
FIG 4.10 CUTAWAY VIEW OF AN INTEGRAL REFRIGERATED CONTAINER
FIG 4.11 VEHICLE LOADING CHECK LIST
FIG 4.12 LOADING A REEFER TO OPTIMIZE QUALITY
FIG 5.1 A SEA CONTAINERS REEFER TANK LOADED WITH A CONSIGNMENT OF BELGIAN LAGER BEER
FOR SHIPMENT TO AUSTRALIA
FIG 5.2 DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE SEA CONTAINERS REEFER TANK
FIG 5.3 SEA CONTAINERS REEFER TANK SYSTEM
FIG 5.4 A CPV TANK REFRIGERATED BY A THERMO KING UNIT
FIG 5.5 HOT DUSTY CONDITIONS, BUT COOL UNBLEMISHED PRODUCT
FIG 6.1 A CONAIR SHIPSIDE COOLING AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM
FIG 6.2 THERMOGUARD MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLER
FIG 6.3 A SEA CONTAINERS POWER PACK
FIG 6.4 THE SEA CONTAINERS POWER PACK – GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN
FIG 6.5 A CARRIER TRANSICOLD CLIP-ON UNIT BEING MOUNTED
FIG 6.6 A CARRIER TRANSICOLD CLIP-ON UNIT ATTACHED TO A REEFER
FIG 6.7 A TATE UNDERSLUG DIESEL GENSET ATTACHED TO A CHASSIS
FIG 7.1 DIAGRAM OF TERMINAL REFRIGERATION INSTALLATION (COURTESY OF ASSOCIATED CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION LTD)
FIG 7.2 REFRIGERATED CONTAINERS CONNECTED TO A TERMINAL INSTALLATION AT TILBURY DOCKS
(COURTESY OF LONDON MUSEUM OF DOCKLAND)
FIG 7.3 TRANSHIPMENT OF A VERY SMART REEFER
FIG 8.1 WASHING AND REMOVING THE PLASTIC PROTECTION BAGS FROM BANANAS
FIG 9.1 A TYPICAL ENERGY LABEL
FIG 10.1 A SEA CONTAINERS SHIFTER RUBBER WHEELED GANTRY CRANE
FIG 10.2 AN OVERHEAD PULLEY SYSTEM IS THE BEST WAY OF MOVING BANANA CROPS AND WORKERS!
FIG 10.3 SWIFT TRANSPORTATION ENSURES PRODUCE ARRIVES IN THE BEST POSSIBLE CONDITIONS
FIG 10.4 TRANSHIPMENT THROUGH SINGAPORE
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE
TABLE 3.1 TEMPERATURES FOR THE TRANSPORT OF FRUIT
TABLE 3.2 TEMPERATURES FOR THE TRANSPORT OF VEGETABLES
TABLE 3.3 TEMPERATURES FOR THE TRANSPORT OF MEAT, FISH AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
TABLE 3.4 EXPORTING AND IMPORTING COUNTRIES OF BANANAS
TABLE 3.5 EXPORTING AND IMPORTING COUNTRIES OF BANANAS 10 YEARS ON-FOR COMPARISON
TABLE 4.1 RESPIRATION RATES FOR CERTAIN COMMODITIES
TABLE 4.2 ETHYLENE PRODUCTION RATES OF CERTAIN COMMODITIES
TABLE 4.3 AVERAGE HALF COOLING TIMES OF PALLETIZED CARTONS
TABLE 5.1 ANALYSIS OF 20/40ft INTEGRAL REEFER AND INSULATED CONTAINER FLEET BY COUNTRY AND OWNERSHIP
TABLE 5.2 ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL REEFER AND INSULATED CONTAINER FLEET BY CLADDING AND REGION
TABLE 5.3 ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL REEFER AND INSULATED CONTAINER FLEET BY AGE AND REGION
TABLE 5.4 ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL REEFER AND INSULATED CONTAINER FLEET BY AGE AND CLADDING
TABLE 5.5 ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL REEFER AND INSULATED CONTAINER FLEET BY LENGTH AND CLADDING
TABLE 5.6 WORLD FLEET OF INTEGRAL REEFER INSULATED CONTAINERS BY LENGTH
TABLE 5.7 CHANGES IN WORLD TEU FLEET OF INTEGRAL REEFER/INSULATED CONTAINERS BY LENGTH/HEIGHT FOR PERIOD 1996-97
TABLE 5.8 CHANGES IN WORLD TEU FLEET OF INTEGRAL REEFER/INSULATED CONTAINERS BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION FOR PERIOD 1996-97
TABLE 5.9 WORLD TEU FLEET OF INTEGRAL REEFER/INSULATED CONTAINERS BY LENGTH/HEIGHT AND OWNER
TABLE 6.1 PLUG TYPES AND THEIR MOST COMMON LOCATIONS
TABLE 7.1 RELATIVE INITIAL COST OF SOME TYPES OF HANDLING EQUIPMENT
TABLE 7.2 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTAINER HANDLING EQUIPMENT
TABLE 8.1 REEFER FLEETS BY FLAG AND YEAR OF BUILD
TABLE 8.2 CONTAINERSHIPS OF 100 TEU REEFER SLOTS OR OVER
TABLE 8.3 ESTIMATED BREAKDOWN OF CIF COSTS IN SELECTED BANANA TRADES, 1981
TABLE 8.4 REEFER CONTAINER CAPACITY – AN ORDER AT END 1996
TABLE 8.5 CONTAINER FLEET REFRIGERATION – CONTAINER CAPACITY BY SIZE RANGE 1993 & 1996 – (FULLY AND SEMI-CELLULAR VESSELS/’000 TEU)
TABLE 8.6 THE CONVENTIONAL REEFER FLEET- CAPACITY, TEU AND NUMBER OF VESSELS, END 1996
TABLE 8.7 THE CONVENTIONAL REEFER FLEET CAPACITY TEU AND VESSEL NUMBER BY SIZE AND AGE STRUCTURE, END 1996
TABLE 9.1 LATEST PHASE-OUT SCHEDULE AGREED IN 9TH MEETING OF PARTIES, MONTREAL 15-17 SEPTEMBER 1997
TABLE 10.1 THE BANANAS CONTRIBUTION TO DAILY MINERAL AND VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS
TABLE 10.2 BANANAS COMPARED WITH OTHER FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
TABLE 10.3 COMPARISON OF WORLD IMPORTS AND BANANA PRICES
TABLE 10.4 TRENDS IN YIELD PER HECTARE
TABLE 10.5 BANANA IMPORTS INTO EASTERN EUROPE
TABLE 10.6 BANANA WORLD PRODUCTION 1981-94
TABLE 10.7 BANANAS: COMPARISON OF PRIMARY PROCEDURES AND EXPORTERS 1981-94
TABLE 11.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHLORINE-FREE ALTERNATIVES